Assessment of Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio for development of Type II Diabetes in rural area of RRMCH, Bangalore.

Background: Diabetes is a syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and relative deficiency of insulin. In urban population its figure are quoted to be high. Now in rural area incidence of diabetes is increasing. Methodology: Study setting: Rural field practice area, Ittamadu. Study population: All adults above 20 yrs of age. Study design: Cross Sectional study. Study duration: Two months. Sampling technique: Purposive sampling. Sample size: 165 subjects. Study variables: Socio‐demographic profile, measurement of height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference. Results: Out of 165 subjects 33% of the participants are males 23.6% of them are pre‐obese and 11.5% are obese, which was more for females. 9.1% of the male participants have Waist to Hip ratio of >1 while 48.2% of female have Waist to Hip ratio of >0.8. Conclusion: Indian Diabetes Risk Score is an appropriate tool in the Community to identify the risk groups for the development of Type II Diabetes, which were used to identify the risk factors with respect to Body Mass Index and Waist To Hip ratio for the development of Type II Diabetes.

The association of anthropometric measures and osteoarthritis knee in non-obese subjects: a cross sectional study

OBJECTIVE: Body mass index (BMI) and knee osteoarthritis have a strong association, but other anthropometric measures lack such associations. To date, no study has evaluated non-obese knee osteoarthritis to negate the systemic and metabolic effects of obesity. This study examines the validity of the contention that BMI and other anthropometric measures have a significant relationship with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: In total, 180 subjects with a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis were recruited and classified according to Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades. Body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, waist-hip ratio and triceps-skinfold thickness were recorded by standard procedures. Osteoarthritis outcome scores (WOMAC) were evaluated. RESULTS: (1) In both genders, the BMI was significantly higher for KL grade 4 than for grade 2; triceps-skinfold thickness was positively correlated with the joint space width of the tibial medial compartment. (2) In males, triceps-skinfold thickness significantly increased as the KL grades moved from 2 to 4; the significantly higher BMI found in varus aligned knees was positively correlated with WOMAC scores. (3) In females, the waist-hip ratio was significantly higher for KL grade 4 than for grade 2; a significant correlation was found between BMI and WOMAC scores. The waist-hip ratio was significantly associated with varus aligned knees and it positively correlated with WOMAC scores and with the joint space width of the tibial medial compartment. The mid-upper arm circumference demonstrated no correlation with knee osteoarthritis. CONCLUS'ON: This study validates the contention that BMI and other anthropometric measures have a significant association with knee osteoarthritis. Contrary to common belief, the triceps-skinfold thickness (peripheral fat) in males and the waist-hip ratio (central fat) in females were more strongly associated with knee osteoarthritis than BMI.

Prevalência, controle e tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em Nobres - MT / Prevalence, control and treatment of arterial hypertension in Nobres - MT / Prevalencia, control y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en Nobres - MT

Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), considerada um problema de saúde pública devido a sua elevada prevalência e dificuldade de controle, é descrita também como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da HAS, assim como as características de seu controle e tratamento, na população de 18 a 90 anos da região urbana de Nobres - MT. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem aleatória e com reposição. O critério para classificação da HAS foi pressão arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg ou uso atual de anti-hipertensivos. As entrevistas foram realizadas utilizando-se questionários padronizados e testados previamente. As variáveis foram descritas por médias ± desvios-padrão e frequências. As médias foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste t-Student e as associações por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5 por cento. Resultados: Nos 1.003 indivíduos maiores de 18 anos analisados, foi observada prevalência de HAS de 30,1 por cento. Entre os hipertensos (N = 302), 73,5 por cento sabiam dessa condição, 61,9 por cento faziam tratamento e 24,2 por cento tinham a PA controlada. Observou-se a associação positiva entre HAS e idade; analfabetismo; escolaridade inferior a oito anos; IMC > 25kg/m²; circunferência da cintura aumentada e muito aumentada; razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) em faixa de risco; sedentarismo e etilismo. Conclusão: A HAS revelou-se um importante problema de saúde pública também em um município de pequeno porte do interior do país. Os níveis de controle e tratamento da hipertensão nessa população foram considerados insatisfatórios, apesar de melhores em comparação aos observados em outros estudos.

Background: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), considered a public health problem due to its high prevalence and difficult control, is also described as one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SAH, as well as characteristics related to its control and treatment, among individuals aging between 18 and 90 years from the urban region of Nobres, MT. Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based study, with random sampling and with replacement. For classification of SAH, criteria included blood pressure (BP) > 140/90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive drugs. Individuals were interviewed with standardized questionnaires previously tested. Variables were described as means ± standard deviations and frequencies. Means were compared with the Student´s t test and associations were determined with the Pearson chi-square test, with a significance level of 5 percent. Results: SAH has a prevalence of 30.1 percent in the sample, composed of 1,003 individuals older than 18 years. Among hypertensive individuals (N = 302), 73.5 percent knew about their condition, 61.9 percent were under treatment and for 24.2 percent the BP was under control. A positive association was observed between SAH and age; illiteracy; less than 8 years education; BMI > 25 kg/m²; high and very high waist circumference; waist-hip ratio (WHR) at risk level; sedentariness; and alcoholism. Conclusions: This study showed that SAH represents an important public health problem even in a small district in the interior region of Brazil. Levels of control and treatment of hypertension in the population were higher than those observed in similar studies, but were considered not satisfactory.

Fundamento: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), considerada un problema de salud pública debido a su elevada prevalencia y dificultad de control, se describe también como uno de los más importantes factores de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de la HAS, así como las características de su control y tratamiento, en la población de 18 a 90 años de la región urbana de Nobres - MT. Métodos: Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con muestreo aleatorio y con reposición. El criterio para la clasificación de la HAS fue la presión arterial (PA) > 140/90 mmHg o el uso actual de antihipertensivos. Se realizaron las entrevistas utilizándose encuestas estandarizadas y comprobadas previamente. Se describieron las variables por promedios ± desviaciones estándar y frecuencias. Se compararon los promedios utilizándose el test t-Student y las asociaciones por medio del test de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con nivel de significancia del 5 por ciento. Resultados: En los 1.003 individuos mayores de 18 años analizados, se observó una prevalencia de HAS del 30,1 por ciento. Entre los hipertensos (N = 302), el 73,5 por ciento sabía de esa condición, el 61,9 por ciento hacía tratamiento y el 24,2 por ciento tenía la PA controlada. Se observó la asociación positiva entre HAS y la edad; analfabetismo; escolaridad inferior a 8 años; IMC > 25kg/m²; circunferencia de la cintura aumentada y muy aumentada; razón cintura-cadera (RCC) en grupos de riesgo; sedentarismo y etilismo. Conclusión: La HAS se reveló un importante problema de salud pública también en un municipio de pequeño porte del interior del país. Los niveles de control y tratamiento de la hipertensión en esa población se consideraron insatisfactorios, aunque mejores si comparados a los observados en otros estudios.

Hipertensão arterial e sua associação com índices antropométricos em adultos de uma cidade de pequeno porte do interior do Brasil / Hypertension and its association to anthropometric indexes in adults from a small city ln Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da Hipertensão Arterial (HA) em adultos e sua associação com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Circunferência da Cintura (CC). MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, de base populacional, com amostra aleatória simples (>18 anos). Investigados 1.168 indivíduos. Questionários padronizados. Realizadas medidas de pressão arterial (critério de HA > 140x90mmHg), peso, altura e CC. Dados armazenados (programa Microsoft Access) e analisados por meio do programa Epi-info, versão 3.3.2. RESULTADOS: Predomínio do sexo feminino (63,2 por cento), idade média 43,2 ± 14,9 anos. Prevalência de HA de 32,7 por cento, com tendência a ser maior entre homens (35,8 por cento) que entre mulheres (30,9 por cento) (p=0,084). Associação positiva (p<0,001) da HA com a idade, IMC e CC. Prevalência de sobrepeso 33,7 por cento e de obesidade 16,0 por cento. Sobrepeso maior entre homens e obesidade entre mulheres. Prevalência CC aumentada e muito aumentada em 51,9 por cento da população estudada, sendo de 28,6 por cento entre homens e 65,5 por cento entre mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Foi encontrada alta prevalência de HA e grande contingente de indivíduos com IMC e CC acima de valores ideais.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of Arterial Hypertension (AH) and its association with Body Mass Index (BMI) and Abdominal Circumference (AC) in the adult population from the city of Firminópolis, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, observational, cross sectional population-based study substantiated by a home survey of a simple random sample (>18 years old). The study evaluated 1168 individuals. Standardized questionnaires. Measurements performed were Blood Pressure (BP) (hypertension: BP > 140x90mmHg), weight,, height and AC. Microsoft Office Access and Epi-info, 3.3.2 version were used for data storage and analysis, respectively. RESULTS: There was a predominance of females (63.2 percent), mean age was 43.2 ±14.9 years old. Prevalence of hypertension was 32.7 percent, with tendency to be higher among the male population (35.8 percent) when compared to the female (30.9 percent) (p=0.084). Association between AH and BMI was positive (p<0.001), as well as between AC and age. Prevalence of overweight was 33.7 percent and obesity, 16.0 percent. Overweight was higher among the male population and obesity among the female population. Prevalence of increased as well as greatly increased AC in 51.9 percent of the studied population, with 28.6 percent among males and 65.5 percent among females. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of hypertension and a large number of individuals with BMI and AC above the ideal values were found.

Prevalence of coronary heart disease among Tehran adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

This study is the first report on the prevalence of coronary heart disease [CHD] and its associated risk factors in adult residents of Tehran. Standard supine ECG data were collected for 5984 men and women aged > /= 30 years and coded by Minnesota criteria. All major cardiovascular risk factors were also measured. Based on Rose angina, self-reported history of CHD or ECG-defined CHD, the aged-adjusted prevalence of CHD was 21.8% [22.3% in women and 18.8% in men]. Variables independently associated with CHD were female sex, age, systolic blood pressure, 2-hour postprandial glucose, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio

Trigliceridemia de jejum e pós-prandial em mulheres: avaliação de co-morbidade, fatores de risco e circunferência abdominal / Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia in women: comorbid, risk factors and abdominal circumference evaluation

A prevalência da obesidade continua a aumentar. A adiposidade abdominal parece exercer papel crítico no desenvolvimento e na progressão de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. O estudo procurou avaliar a presenta de co-morbidade, bem como a associação possível entre os valores da circunferência abdominal e a trigliceridemia em jejum e pós-prandial em mulheres.

The prevalence of obesity is growing. Abdominal obesity seems to have a critical role in the development and progression of cardiometabolic risk factors. The objective of the study is to assess the frequency of comorbidities and the possible association betweem abdominal waist and fasting and nonfasting triglycerides.

[ assessment of relation between lipid distribution and weight change with diabetes incidence in a group of Tehran, district 13 population]

Obesity is one of the known risk factors of diabetes. Nowadays in parallel with industrialization of societies, changes in lifestyle and diet habits and also decreased physical activity, the prevalence of obesity is increasing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of change in body weight on blood glucose disorders rate alter 3 years of Tehran lipid and glucose study. Demographic indices and fasting blood glucose levels and 2 hours after ingestion of 75 g of oral glucose in 3957 individuals over 20 years of age participating in Tehran lipid and glucose study were registered at first step [1378-79] and then 3 years later [1381-82]. According to body mass index, changes in body weight, and also 5 percentile changes in waist circumference and 5 percentile changes in waist to hip circumference ratio from first to second step, individuals were divided into different groups and after modification for age, sex and family history of diabetes, the relative risks of blood glucose disorders in relation to their changes were measured. After 3 years of follow up 148 [3.7%] individuals affected by diabetes, majority of them were changed from pre-diabetes to diabetes. In individuals with normal blood glucose levels, after modification for age, sex, family history of diabetes and base body mass index, the relative risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes in the 4-10% increased weight group in relation to the steady weight group was 1.2 [95% CI: 1.1-1.53], in >10% increased weight group was 1.3 [95% CI: 1.04-1.86], and in> 4% decreased weight group was 0.4 [95% CI: 0.27-0.65]. Increasing relative risk with regarding to base body mass index in pre-diabetics was only seen in obese individuals [2.7, 95% CI: 1.49-4.78]. The effect of waist circumference and waist to hip circumference ratio changes on relative risk of diabetes incidence was not significant in any group. The body mass index and weight increase are independent risk factors for blood glucose disorders incidence

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica na cidade de Formiga, MG / Hypertension prevalence in the city of Formiga, MG, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e identificar variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e antropométricas associadas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostragem probabilística. População-alvo: pessoas com idade > 18 anos residentes na região urbana do município de Formiga, Minas Gerais, e cadastradas no Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), que tem cobertura de 94 por cento da população total do município. Participaram do estudo 285 indivíduos (131 homens e 154 mulheres). Critério para diagnóstico de HAS: pressão arterial sistólica > 140 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica > 90 mmHg, ou uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. Utilizou-se questionário padronizado, afim de obter informações socioeconômicas e demográficas, consumo de álcool, tabagismo e nível de atividades física. RESULTADOS: A estimativa da prevalência total de HAS na população-alvo foi de 32,7 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 28,2-37,2). Entre os homens foi de 31,7 por cento e, entre as mulheres, 33,6 por cento. Dentre os hipertensos com prescrição de anti-hipertensivos, 66,7 por cento declararam fazer uso regular da medicação. A prevalência de HAS aumentou continuamente com a idade (OR = 1,07; IC 95 por cento: 1,05-1,10) e esteve positivamente associada com a medida da circunferência da cintura (OR = 3,05; IC 95 por cento: 1,49-6,22) e negativamente associada com o nível de atividade física (OR = 0,45; IC 95 por cento: 0,25-0,82). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de HAS na população adulta e cadastrada no PSF, foi muito elevada em Formiga, representando um grave problema de saúde pública. É preciso que os programas de intervenção promovam a prática de atividades físicas, considerem a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e os hipertensos que desconhecem sua condição.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate hypertension prevalence and identify associated socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with probability sampling. Target population: people > 18 years of age living in the urban area of Formiga, Minas Gerais state, and registered with the Family Health Program (Programa Saúde da Família - PSF), which covers 94 percent of the population. Two hundred and eighty-five subjects (131 men and 154 women) were enrolled in the study. Criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension were the following: systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medication. A standard questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic and demographic data, as well as information on alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity level. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of hypertension in the target population was estimated at 32.7 percent (95 percent CI): 28.2-37.2), 31.7 percent in men and 33.6 percent in women. Among subjects with prescribed antihypertensive drugs, 66 percent reported taking their medication regularly. Hypertension prevalence increased steadily with increasing age (OR = 1.07; 95 percent CI: 1.05-1.10) and was positively associated with waist circumference (OR = 3.05; 95 percent CI: 1.49-6.22) and negatively associated with the level of physical activity (OR = 0.45; 95 percent CI: 0.25-0.82). CONCLUSION: Hypertension prevalence was very high in the adult population registered with the PSF in Formiga, representing a major public health problem. Intervention programs that boost physical activity, promote compliance with drug treatment, and focus on hypertensive subjects unaware of their condition are needed.